This project designs and implements an intelligent line-tracking and material-handling robot based on the LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 platform. To address the challenges of multi-intersection recognition, dynamic line tracking, and specific material grasping in complex track environments, this system introduces an improved discrete-time proportional-derivative (PD) control algorithm in the low-level motion control layer. Combined with a differential-drive kinematic model, the system achieves smooth and adaptive trajectory tracking. At the macro path-planning and task-execution level, a deterministic decision tree model based on Boolean logic and a finite-state machine (FSM) is constructed, solving typical engineering problems such as "sensor blinding," "intersection misjudgment," and "false positive endpoint detection." This paper elaborates on the control theory foundation, mathematical derivation of the algorithm, hardware-software co-design, and compares the performance of different controllers on straight lines, ellipses, and figure-8 complex trajectories in the context of control theory history and related empirical studies. Furthermore, low-level computational optimization strategies are proposed for the physical characteristics of embedded systems (e.g., CPU starvation, PWM control response)$^{[1]}$.

From Dot Product to Inner Product Space: The Unified Language Behind Linear Algebra, Signals, and AI Abstract The **inner product** is a core algebraic structure shared across linear algebra, functional analysis, signal processing, machine learning, and quantum mechanics. Taking the inner product as its sole thread, this paper begins with the dot product in finite-dimensional Euclidean space and progressively introduces the axioms of inner product spaces, orthogonal decomposition, least-squares projection, Hilbert spaces, Fourier series and transforms, convolution, the discrete cosine transform, wavelet analysis, self-attention mechanisms, kernel methods, and state-vector projection in quantum mechanics. It reveals the mathematical unity underlying these seemingly disparate concep...

Reverse Engineering of Hanja — The Essence of Electronic Engineering Seen Through Etymology **Author:** WU HANQING **Affiliation:** Kyung Hee University, School of Electronic Information Engineering **Data Download:** [1] Hanja_Reverse_Engineering.pptx [2] Hanja_Reverse_Engineering.pdf [3] 漢字의 逆設計 - 字源으로 보는 電子工學의 本質.pdf Abstract This paper reverse-engineers core concepts that form the foundation of electronic engineering through the etymology of Hanja (漢字). It examines the historical and physical cognitive processes underlying cutting-edge IT technologies. From oracle-bone script in antiquity, through metaphors of the Industrial Revolution, to today’s closed-loop systems, the source code of disciplinary knowledge is often encoded in Sino-Korean terms. ...

A Molecule That Changed History: How Phenol Reshaped Modern Medicine and the Materials Industry 1. Abstract In the course of modern civilization, phenol (Phenol) is an underestimated yet decisive substance. Initially it was merely industrial waste embedded in foul-smelling coal tar (Coal Tar), yet it profoundly redrew the landscapes of medicine and industry. Before Joseph Lister brought it into the hospital ward, surgery was little different from a game of “Russian roulette” against infection; outside medicine, as a cornerstone of phenolic resins, it opened the curtain on the twentieth-century plastics era and, at the billiard table, unexpectedly helped maintain a balance between elephant survival and human entertainment. This paper explores how phenol evolved from a humble chemic...

**Download Files:** Moment of Inertia & Angular Momentum Conservation.pptx Moment of Inertia & Angular Momentum Conservation.pdf 1. Experiment Title The subject of this experiment is **Measurement of Moment of Inertia and Conservation of Angular Momentum**. 2. Objective By measuring the angular acceleration of a rotating rigid body, determine the object's **moment of inertia (Moment of Inertia)** experimentally, and understand the dynamics of rotational motion by comparing the experimentally obtained value with the theoretical value calculated from the geometric structure. In addition, experimentally confirm that **angular momentum** is conserved when no external torque acts on the rotating system, and consider the change in energy during this process. 3. Relevant Theor...

5 Hidden Charming Cities in Korea That Foreigners Want to Visit 1. Team Members: Yulduz (Team Leader / Presenter), Wu Hanqing (Host / Presenter) 2. Resources: PPT File: Download PDF File: View Online Script: View Script 3. Description: Hello! We are a presentation team from the course “Reflection and Expression.” Our topic is “5 Hidden Charming Cities in Korea That Foreigners Want to Visit.” When people think of traveling to Korea, they often imagine Seoul, Busan, or Jeju Island. However, from the perspective of international students, we selected lesser-known small cities that truly reflect Korea’s unique charm. From cities rich in modern history to romantic coastal towns, and peaceful places blending tradition with nature— these hidden gems are ...

ESP32 Runway Approach Lighting Desktop Ornament This project presents a desktop intelligent ornament that provides a highly faithful reproduction of a civil aviation runway approach lighting system. It integrates an ESP32 microcontroller with hard-wired sequential logic circuitry (NE556 + CD4017) to deliver realistic visual effects, while simultaneously enabling real-time retrieval and display of METAR and TAF meteorological reports for airports worldwide. 1. Abstract This project aims to design and implement an aviation-themed ornament that combines both decorative and functional characteristics. On the hardware side, a two-layer stacked PCB structure is employed, where an NE556 dual timer and a CD4017 counter jointly realize a hybrid drive for 20 chaser ...

Introduction This article systematically elaborates on the impedance characteristics and physical significance of resistors, capacitors, and inductors in alternating current (AC) circuits. Through phasor methods and frequency-domain analysis, the impedance formulas for these three components are derived, revealing the phase relationships between voltage and current as well as the patterns of energy variation. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and frequency characteristics of resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance are compared and summarized. This facilitates an intuitive understanding of classic principles such as "passing AC while blocking DC" and "passing DC while blocking AC," providing a theoretical foundation for subsequent applications including filte...